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193Chapter 15 .Generic HTML Element Objects Example (with Listing 15-33) on the CD-ROM Related Items: onBeforeCut, onCopy event handlers. onBeforeCut NN2 NN3 NN4 NN6 IE3/J1 IE3/J2 IE4 IE5 IE5.5 Compatibility The onBeforeCut event handler fires before the actual cut action takes place whenever the user initiates a content cut via the Edit menu (including the Ctrl+X keyboard shortcut) or the right-click context menu. If the user accesses the Cut command via the Edit or context menu, the onBeforeCutevent fires before either menu displays. In practice, the event may fire twice even though you expect it only once. Just because the onBeforeCutevent fires, it does not guarantee that a user will complete the cut operation (for example, the context menu may close before the user makes a selection). If you add the onBeforeCut event handler to an HTML element, the context menu usually disables the Cut menu item. But assigning a JavaScript call to this event handler brings the Cut menu item to life. Example on the CD-ROM Related Items: onBeforeCopy, onCut event handlers. onBeforeDeactivate See: onActivate event handler. onBeforeEditFocus NN2 NN3 NN4 NN6 IE3/J1 IE3/J2 IE4 IE5 IE5.5 Compatibility The onBeforeEditFocus event handler (not implemented in IE5/Mac) is triggered whenever you edit an element on a page in an environment such as Microsoft s DHTML Editing ActiveX control or with the editable page content feature of IE5.5. This discussion focuses on the latter scenario because it is entirely within the scope of client-side JavaScript. The onBeforeEditFocus event fires just before the element receives its focus. (There may be no onscreen feedback that editing is turned on unless you script it yourself.) The event fires each time a user clicks the element, even if the element just received edit focus elsewhere in the same element. On the CD-ROM On the CD-ROM elementObject.onBeforeEditFocus
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192 Part III .Document Objects Reference Event handlers onActivate onBeforeDeactivate onDeactivate NN2 NN3 NN4 NN6 IE3/J1 IE3/J2 IE4 IE5 IE5.5 Compatibility The onActivate and onDeactivateevent handlers are new with IE5.5. But in some circumstances, they are very similar to the onFocusand onBlur event handlers, respectively. If an element receives focus, the onActivate event fires for that element just before the onFocus event fires; conversely, just prior to the element losing focus, events fire in the sequence: onBeforeDeactivate, onDeactivate, onBlur. Only elements that, by their nature, can accept focus (for example, links and form input controls) or that have a TABINDEXattribute set can become the active element (and therefore fire these events). IE5.5 maintains the original onFocus and onBlurevent handlers. But because the behaviors are so close to those of the onActivateand onDeactivate events, I don t recommend mixing the old and new event handler names in your coding style. If you script exclusively for IE5.5+, then you can use the new terminology throughout. Example on the CD-ROM Related Items: onBlur, onFocus event handlers. onBeforeCopy NN2 NN3 NN4 NN6 IE3/J1 IE3/J2 IE4 IE5 IE5.5 Compatibility The onBeforeCopy event handler (not implemented in IE5/Mac) fires before the actual copy action takes place whenever the user initiates a content copy action via the Edit menu (including the Ctrl+C keyboard shortcut) or the right-click context menu. If the user accesses the Copy command via the Edit or context menu, the onBeforeCopy event fires before either menu displays. In practice, the event may fire twice even though you expect it only once. Just because the onBeforeCopy event fires, it does not guarantee that a user will complete the copy operation (for example, the context menu may close before the user makes a selection). Unlike paste-related events, the onBeforeCopyevent handler does not work with form input elements. Just about any other HTML element is fair game, however. On the CD-ROM elementObject.onBeforeCopy
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191Chapter 15 .Generic HTML Element Objects best thought of as a kind of filter for the elements that belong to the current collection. For example, to get an array of all P elements inside a document, use this expression: document.all.tags( P ) You must pass a parameter string consisting of the tag name you wish to extract from the collection. The tag name is case-insensitive. The return value is an array of references to the objects within the current collection whose tags match the parameter. If there are no matches, the returned array has a length of zero. If you need cross-browser compatibility, use the getElementsByTagName() method described earlier in this chapter. Example on the CD-ROM Related Item: getElementsByTagName() method. urns( behaviorURN ) Returns: Array of element objects. NN2 NN3 NN4 NN6 IE3/J1 IE3/J2 IE4 IE5 IE5.5 Compatibility The urns() method does not belong to every element, but it is a method of every collection of objects. You must pass a parameter string consisting of the URN (Uniform Resource Name) of a behavior resource (most typically .htcfor IE5) assigned to one or more elements of the collection. The parameter does not include the extension of the filename. If there is no matching behavior URN for the specified parameter, the urns()method returns an array of zero length. This method is related to the behaviorUrns property, which contains an array of behavior URNs assigned to a single element object. Neither the behaviorUrns property nor the urns() method appear to be working as described by Microsoft. Perhaps the potential exposure of URNs by script was deemed a privacy risk. As proven thus far with IE5 for Win32, the urns() method always returns an array of zero length. Example on the CD-ROM Related Item: behaviorUrns property. On the CD-ROM Note On the CD-ROM elementObjectCollection.urns()
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190 Part III .Document Objects Reference triggered by events), then your scripts need to force the recalculation of the expressions. The document.recalc() method takes care of this, but you must invoke it to force the recalculation of dynamic properties in these cases. Example (with Figure 15-1 and Listing 15-32) on the CD-ROM Related Items: document.recalc(), removeExpression(), setExpression() methods. swapNode(otherNodeObject) Returns: Node object reference. NN2 NN3 NN4 NN6 IE3/J1 IE3/J2 IE4 IE5 IE5.5 Compatibility The swapNode() method (not implemented in IE5/Mac) exchanges the positions of two nodes within an element hierarchy. Contents of both nodes are preserved in their entirety during the exchange. The single parameter must be a valid node object (perhaps created with document.createElement() or copied from an existing node). A return value is a reference to the object whose swapNode() method was invoked. Example on the CD-ROM Related Items: removeChild(), removeNode(), replaceChild(), replaceNode() methods. tags( tagName ) Returns: Array of element objects. NN2 NN3 NN4 NN6 IE3/J1 IE3/J2 IE4 IE5 IE5.5 Compatibility The tags() method does not belong to every element, but it is a method of every collection of objects (such as all, forms, and elements). The method is On the CD-ROM On the CD-ROM elementObjectCollection.tags()
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189Chapter 15 .Generic HTML Element Objects NN2 NN3 NN4 NN6 IE3/J1 IE3/J2 IE4 IE5 IE5.5 Compatibility Use the setExpression() method (not implemented in IE5/Mac) to assign the result of an executable expression to the value of an element object property. This method can assign values to both HTML element objects and style objects that belong to them. The setExpression() method is a scripted way of assigning expressions to attributes. But you can also assign expressions directly to style sheet definitions in the HTML tag of an element using the expression() syntax, as in the following example:

The setExpression() method requires three parameters. The first parameter is the name of the property (in string form) to which you assign the expression. Property names are case-sensitive. The second parameter is a string form of the expression to be evaluated to supply a value for the property. Expressions can refer to global variables or properties of other objects in the same document (provided the property is anything other than an array). An expression may also contain math operators. Pay close attention to the data type of the evaluated value of the expression. The value must be a valid data type for the property. For example, the URL of the body background image must be a string. But for numeric values, you can generally use number and string types interchangeably because the values are converted to the proper type for the property. Even for expressions that evaluate to numbers, encase the expression inside quotes. It may not be necessary in all cases, but if you get into the habit of using quotes, you ll have fewer problems for strings or complex expressions that require them. You are not limited to using JavaScript as the language for the expression because you also specify the scripting language of the expression in the third parameter. Acceptable parameter values for the language are JScript VBScript JavaScript For all intents and purposes, JScript and JavaScript are the same. Both languages are ECMA-262 compatible. One reason to use setExpression() for dynamic properties is to let the property always respond to the current conditions on the page. For example, if you set a property that is dependent on the current width of the body, then you want a recalculation that is applied to the property if the user resizes the window. The browser automatically responds to many events and updates any dynamic properties. In essence, the browser recalculates the expressions and applies the new values to the property. Keyboard events, in particular, trigger this kind of automatic recalculation for you. But if your scripts perform actions on their own (in other words, not elementObject.setExpression()
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188 Part III .Document Objects Reference reassigned unless the first parameter matches the case of the attribute currently associated with the object. Instead, a new attribute with a different case sequence is created. Attempting to manage the case-sensitivity of newly created attributes is fraught with peril, especially if you try to reuse names but with different case sequences. I strongly recommend using default case-sensitivity controls for setAttribute() and getAttribute(). IE4+ imposes some limitations on the action resulting from the setAttribute() method. Any attribute you add via setAttribute()does not become part of the attributes collection associated with the element. While you can extract the value of such a newly added attribute via getAttribute(), you cannot access the new attribute from the attributes collection. Thus, after creating a new attribute as follows: document.all.myTable.setAttribute( currYear , (new Date()).getFullYear()) you can access that attribute value through either of the following two statements: var tableYear = document.all.myTable.getAttribute( curryear ) var tableYear = document.all.myTable.currYear However, you cannot access the attribute value with the following statement: var tableYear = document.all.myTable.attributes[ currYear ] See also the W3C DOM facilities for treating attributes as node objects in the discussions of the getAttributeNode()and removeAttributeNode() methods earlier in this chapter. Example on the CD-ROM Related Items: attributes property; document.createAttribute(), getAttribute(), getAttributeNode(), removeAttribute(), removeAttributeNode(), setAttributeNode() methods. setAttributeNode() See removeAttributeNode(). setCapture(containerBoolean) See releaseCapture(). setExpression( propertyName , expression , language ) Returns: Nothing. On the CD-ROM elementObject.setExpression()
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187Chapter 15 .Generic HTML Element Objects active element into view. Any onFocusevent handler defined for the element fires when setActive() is invoked, without the browser giving the element focus. Example on the CD-ROM Related Item: focus() method. setAttribute( attributeName , value[, caseSensitivity]) Returns: Nothing. NN2 NN3 NN4 NN6 IE3/J1 IE3/J2 IE4 IE5 IE5.5 Compatibility The setAttribute() method assigns a new value to an existing attribute of the current object or inserts an entirely new attribute name value pair among the attributes of the current object. This method represents an alternative syntax to setting a property of the object directly. The W3C DOM Level 2 standard recommends getAttribute() and setAttribute() for reading and writing element object attribute values, rather than reading and writing those values by way of their corresponding properties. While using these methods is certainly advisable for XML elements, the same DOM standard sends conflicting signals by defining all kinds of properties for HTML element objects. Browsers, of course, will support access via properties well into the future, so don t feel obligated to change your ways. The first two parameters of setAttribute() are required. The first is the name of the attribute. The default behavior of this method respects the case of the attribute name. Therefore, if you use setAttribute()to adjust the value of an existing attribute in default mode, the first parameter must match the case of the attribute as known by the object model for the current document. Remember that all names of all attributes assigned as inline source code attributes are automatically converted to lowercase letters. A value you assign to the attribute is the second parameter. For cross-browser compatibility, the value should be either a string or Boolean data type. IE provides an optional third parameter to control the case-sensitivity issue for the attribute name. The default value (true) has a different impact on your object depending on whether you use setAttribute() to assign a new attribute or reassign an existing one. In the former case, the third parameter as true means that the attribute name assigned to the object observes the case of the first parameter. In the latter case, the third parameter as true means that the attribute isn t Note On the CD-ROM elementObject.setAttribute()
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186 Part III .Document Objects Reference Example (with Listing 15-31) on the CD-ROM Related Items: removeChild(), removeNode(), replaceChild(), swapNode() methods. scrollIntoView(topAlignFlag) Returns: Nothing. NN2 NN3 NN4 NN6 IE3/J1 IE3/J2 IE4 IE5 IE5.5 Compatibility The scrollIntoView() method scrolls the page (vertically and/or horizontally as needed) such that the current object is visible within the window or frame that contains it. A single parameter, a Boolean value, controls the location of the element within the viewable space. A value of true (the default) causes the element to be displayed so that its top is aligned with the top of the window or frame (provided the document beneath it is long enough to allow this amount of scrolling). But a value of false causes the bottom of the element to align with the bottom of the viewable area. In most cases, you want the former so that the beginning of a page section is at the top of the viewable area. But if you don t want a user to see content below a certain element when you jump to the new view, then use the false parameter. For form elements, you must use the typical form element reference (document. formName.elementName.scrollIntoView()) unless you also specify an ID attribute for the element (document.all.elementID.scrollIntoView()). Example on the CD-ROM Related Items: window.scroll(), window.scrollBy(), window.scrollTo() methods. setActive() Returns: Nothing. NN2 NN3 NN4 NN6 IE3/J1 IE3/J2 IE4 IE5 IE5.5 Compatibility The setActive() method lets a script designate an element object as the active element. However, unlike the focus()method, the window does not scroll the On the CD-ROM On the CD-ROM elementObject.setActive()
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185Chapter 15 .Generic HTML Element Objects NN2 NN3 NN4 NN6 IE3/J1 IE3/J2 IE4 IE5 IE5.5 Compatibility The replaceChild() method enables you to swap an existing child node object for a new node object. Parameters for the replaceChild() method are node object references, and they must be in the order of the new object followed by the object you want to replace. The old object must be an immediate child node of the parent used to invoke the method, and the new object must also be a legal child element within the document containment hierarchy. The method returns a reference to the child object that you replaced with the new object. This reference can be used as a parameter to any of the node-oriented insertion or replacement methods. Remember that replaceChild()is invoked from the point of view of a parent element. If you simply want to change an element, you can do so more directly with the swapNode()method (or, in IE5, the replaceNode()method). Example on the CD-ROM Related Items: appendChild(), removeChild(), replaceNode(), swapNode() methods. replaceNode(newNodeObject) Returns: Node object reference. NN2 NN3 NN4 NN6 IE3/J1 IE3/J2 IE4 IE5 IE5.5 Compatibility The replaceNode() method (not implemented in IE5/Mac) is related to the replaceChild() method, but you invoke this method on the actual node you want to replace (instead of the object s parent). The sole parameter is a reference to a valid node object, which you can generate via the document.createElement() method or copy from an existing node. The value returned from the method is a reference to the object that you replace. Thus, you can preserve a copy of the replaced node by storing the results in a variable for use later. If the node you replace contains other nodes, the replaceNode()method removes all contained nodes of the original from the document. Therefore, if you want to change a wrapper node but want to maintain the original children, your script must capture the children and put them back into the new node as shown in the following example. On the CD-ROM elementObject.replaceNode()
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184 Part III .Document Objects Reference replaceAdjacentText( location , text ) Returns: String. NN2 NN3 NN4 NN6 IE3/J1 IE3/J2 IE4 IE5 IE5.5 Compatibility The replaceAdjacentText() method (not implemented in IE5/Mac) enables you to replace one chunk of document text with another in a specific position relative to the current object. Be aware that this method works only for plain text and not HTML tags. The returned value is the string of the text that you replace. Both parameters are required. The first must be one of four possible case- insensitive locations for the insertion, shown in the following table: Location Description beforeBegin Before the current element s start tag afterBegin After the start tag, but before any nested content beforeEnd Before the end tag, but after all other nested content afterEnd After the end tag This method is best used with inline (rather than block) elements when specifying the beforeBeginand afterEnd parameters. For example, if you attempt to use replaceAdjacentText() with beforeBegin on the second of two consecutive paragraph elements, the replacement text is inserted into the end of the first paragraph. You can think of the replaceAdjacentText() method in terms of text fragment nodes (even though IE5 does not fully support this W3C DOM feature). The method replaces the text fragment node (given any one of the four position parameters) with new text. Replacing the text of a simple element with either the afterBegin or beforeEnd locations is the same as assigning that text to the object s innerTextproperty. Example on the CD-ROM Related Items: innerText, outerText properties; getAdjacentText(), insertAdjacentHTML(), insertAdjacentText() methods. replaceChild(newNodeObject, oldNodeObject) Returns: Node object reference. On the CD-ROM elementObject.replaceChild()
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